The tentative and inconsistent use of the market defines Russia's modern economic history. Its leaders, dating back to Tsarist times, have sought control over economic activity - but not consistently - shifting in policy in reaction to the perceived security threat of falling behind competitors instead of seeking growth for its own sake. The story has frequently been dramatic - from the nineteenth century Witte/Stolypin reforms to Lenin's New Economic Policy through to the high Soviet Koysgin/Liberman years, Gorbachev's Perestroika and Yeltsin and Gaidar's shock therapy. Putin's management of a natural resource-based economy is given particular attention, highlighting that tensions between the demands of a security state and integration into the international economy have not been resolved.Yuval Weber's concise economic history of modern Russia surveys all key data from the mid-1960s to the present as well as examining regional imbalances, the "functional welfare" of its military-industrial complex, rising consumerism, and this vast country's legacy of social commitments and centralisation and uneven levels of globalization. It also highlights the relevance of human factors - ethnic communities, struggles with health and demography - and a strong education system bequeathed to it by the USSR.As Russia's war in Ukraine has forced Europe to reconsider its dependence on Russian oil and gas, the book considers the future prospects for Russia's economy and the sistema (system) that underpins it.