The past three decades have seen an international 'turn to participation' - letting those who will be affected by neighbourhood planning outcomes play an active role in decision-making - but there is widespread dissatisfaction with actual instances of citizen-state engagement.This innovative analysis brings theory, research and practice together and gives insights into how and why citizen voices either become effective or get excluded. Using ethnographic data to illustrate a wide range of participatory and localist governance practices and social movements, the book concludes with recommendations to re-invigorate community involvement in planning.