A theoretical analysis was carried out on diversity, respect for diversity and discrimination. The importance of the agents of socialization and, especially, of the school in the formation of values that favour the manifestation of behaviours compatible with the norms of social conduct and favourable to coexistence among human beings was studied in depth. The groups of children who are commonly discriminated against in the schools where the research was carried out were identified. In addition, a proposal was made to foster respect for diversity at school on the basis of strengthening tolerance and empathy among students. On the basis of the basic values mentioned above, a set of activities aimed at fostering respect for diversity in schools is proposed. Finally, attention to diversity is analyzed from the perspective of science, technology and society.